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        "projectDescription":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) completed Sardis Dam in 1940 and continues to own, operate, and maintain the facility today. Located across the Little Tallahatchie River, the dam helps control flooding along the Yazoo River Basin for more than 19,000 residents and more than 8,400 homes and businesses totaling nearly $13 Million.  The dam also provides water-based and other outdoor recreation opportunities. The 117-foot-tall, earthen-filled dam is located four miles north of Sardis, Mississippi, and is approximately 15,300 feet (over 3 miles) long.  \n\nSardis Dam and Reservoir is managed throughout the year to store and slowly release water to help keep the downstream Little Tallahatchie River within its banks and to reduce the peak flow of rainfall runoff. The lake is drawn down during the fall and winter to provide needed storage during periods of prevalent rainfall. The lake is filled during the spring and summer to provide recreational opportunities to the visiting public. This management is in accordance with the project\u2019s congressionally authorized Water Control Plan. \n\nReservoir water is released into the Little Tallahatchie River through a concrete tunnel in the dam controlled by 4 large gates. These gates can release enough water to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool in nine seconds. The dam\u2019s overflow spillway is located on its north side and is designed to pass high volumes of flood waters to prevent the dam from being overtopped and breaking. On rare occasions when the spillway is activated, the water passes over a concrete rim and down a 400-foot-wide concrete slope into the spillway outlet channel and eventually back into the Little Tallahatchie River. This overflow spillway can release enough water to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool in less than one second. Sardis Lake has overflowed the overflow spillway three times since the dam was constructed, with the most recent overflow occurring in 1991. \n\nSardis Dam embankment was constructed using a rare method called hydraulic filling. This method used a slurry consisting of dredge material and water to pump to the area of the dam and allow the specified sediments to settle out, creating the dam embankment. Since there is no mechanical compaction, the only means of compaction is the weight of the embankment itself. Poor embankment compaction and poor soil strength create a problem for the seismic stability of the embankment. Sardis Dam sits on the edge of the New Madrid seismic zone, which could induce significant shaking at the structure if an earthquake were to occur. A similarly constructed dam in Southern California had significant settlement after an earthquake in 1971 which caused the crest of the dam to settle almost 30 feet. This incident initiated multiple earthquake studies at similarly constructed dams, including Sardis Dam. The site-specific study resulted in implementation of two separate earthquake mitigation measures. 1st, a rock berm was placed on the upstream toe of the dam to decrease the chance of slope failure during an earthquake in that location. This berm can be seen near the center of the dam during winter pools. 2nd, concrete pilings were driven through the toe of the embankment and into the foundation soils in order to transfer earthquake loads to more suitable material.",
        "riskCharSummary":"While Sardis Dam greatly reduces flood risks downstream, it does not eliminate these risks. Flooding can still occur even if Sardis Dam operates as designed. Unlikely but possible storm scenarios exist that could cause more rainfall than Sardis Dam can safely store. To pass such a large amount of water, the dam gates may need to be fully opened; and the dam\u2019s overflow spillway may activate to pass extreme flow events to keep Sardis Dam from overtopping and breaking. If the overflow spillway was to activate due to a major storm, two-to-six feet of water could flood the Mississippi Delta as far west as Clarksdale and as far south as Greenwood and Indianola. This water would likely flood farm fields and low-lying areas.  As much as six-to-fifteen feet of water could be expected near the Little Tallahatchie River in Panola County along Interstate 55 and US Hwy 6 with two-to-six feet of water expected near the Little Tallahatchie, Tallahatchie, and Yazoo Rivers in Panola, Quitman, and Tallahatchie Counties.  While weather can be unpredictable, spillway events can often be forecasted one-to-two days before flooding begins to impact communities. USACE is in routine communication with the National Weather Service (NWS) and the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) to ensure the proper precautions are taken. \n\nIn 2022, Sardis Dam was assessed for any concerns that might cause the dam to fail during rare events. USACE has classified the risks of failure associated with Sardis Dam as high. During this assessment, several deficiencies were noted for further investigation, but the dam has performed as designed since its construction in 1940. Certain large storm events like those seen in March 2019 could cause Sardis Lake to rise and cause downstream flooding.  Increased reservoir levels could also drive foundation pressures high enough to damage the outlet works and potentially cause failure.  Additionally, cracking of the dam\u2019s concrete conduit could allow foundation soils to erode back and threaten the integrity of the dam and lead to failure. \n\nIf Sardis Dam breached or failed, flood waters would be deep and swift enough to damage and destroy houses, buildings, roads, bridges, power, water supplies, and even cause loss of life. The impacts of the dam\u2019s failure would be extensive throughout the Mississippi Delta region. The flooded area would be similar in size to the area impacted by the Yazoo Backwater Flood in 2019 but would be deeper and far more encompassing. In the unlikely event that Sardis Dam breaches, follow all directions from your local emergency officials, including evacuation orders. Failure to do so puts you and your family\u2019s lives at risk.  To prepare your family against possible flooding, please visit the National Inventory of Dams (NID) website to see maps showing the potential extent of flooding locations if Sardis Dam were to breach.",
        "riskManagementMeasures":"To ensure Sardis Dam continues to minimize flood risks while balancing all its project functions, USACE uses the latest rainfall forecasts and stream gauge information to model lake stages and potential downstream impacts. USACE regularly inspects the dam and routinely reassesses its risks. \n\n \n\nTo address risks identified in a recent assessment, USACE performed joint grouting work in the conduit to attempt to eliminate movement of foundation material through two conduit joints. USACE is currently monitoring seepage pressures along the conduit and beneath the dam. USACE also plans to replace the outlet works drainage system to help control foundation seepage pressures more effectively and investigate the potential for deformation of the main dam due to seismic loading and remediate any areas identified. These deficiencies and repairs will be further investigated by USACE experts to assess the need for further remediation that would decrease the total risk of the project.  \n\n \n\nUSACE coordinates closely with the National Weather Service (NWS), the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency (MEMA) concerning conditions both upstream and downstream of the dam. USACE continues to work with these agencies to prepare and practice for emergency response efforts related to Sardis Dam. Close coordination with local and state emergency management officials allows agency personnel to act in a timely manner during an emergency. \n\n \n\nDuring high-water events, USACE dam safety professionals increase surveillance of the dam to 24 hours a day and are prepared to act if an issue occurs. USACE personnel also continually monitor river conditions to help optimize the dam\u2019s operations.",
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